Harvard Referencing - Referencing within the text
Within the body of your text, all references to books, articles and other sources of information must be identified by the last name of the author(s), year of publication and page number(s) if appropriate. When quoting directly from your sources, use double quotation marks except for quotes within quotes, which should appear in single quotation marks. If quotations are greater than approximately 30 words, they should be double indented from both sides of the page, single-spaced and without quotation marks. Remember to give the relevant page number(s) of your source.
Citing one work by one author [Style Manual, p.192]
Use only the name of the author, followed by the year of publication:
Nebel (1987) first proved the relationship between x and y.
OR
The confirmation of a relationship between x and y (Nebel 1987)...
Citing a work with two or three authors [Style Manual, p.193]
The names of all authors should be included:
Farrier, Lyster and Pearson (1993) have shown...
OR
It has been shown (Farrier, Lyster & Pearson 1993)...
Citing a work with more than three authors [Style Manual, p.193]
Use only the surname of the first-listed author, followed by the expression 'et al.' (or 'and others'):
Larsen et al. (1997) have found...
OR
It was found (Larsen et al. 1997)...
Note that the names of all the authors must appear in the citation in the list of references.
Groups as authors [Style Manual, p.192]
Abbreviations of names of groups (e.g. associations, corporations, government departments) may be used freely, but must be included in a list of abbreviations. This list should be placed either at the end of the preliminary pages of the text, or at the beginning of the list of references. When you are citing the work of a group, use the same form as you would when citing an author:
Research has shown (CSIRO 1990)...
OR
Research by the CSIRO (1990) has shown...
Works with an editor [Style Manual, p.195]
When an editor is responsible for a work, use the following format:
Some recent case studies (ed. Walker 1992) show...
OR
The case studies edited by Walker (1992) show...
Newspaper articles [Style Manual, p.197]
If the author is known, follow the author/date method outlined above. Otherwise, use the following:
The Sydney Morning Herald (18 May 2000, p.5) reported...
Authors with the same last name [Style Manual, p.195]
Include the authors' initials to avoid any confusion:
In one study D Smith (1994) has shown ... but A Smith (1992) has suggested...
OR
It has been shown (Smith, D 1998) that ... but this theory has recently been opposed (Smith, A 1992).
Citing more than one article or book [Style Manual, p.193]
Separate multiple citations by semicolons:
As several studies have shown (Nebel 1987); CSIRO 1990; Walker 1992)...
Citing two or more works by the same author published in the same year [Style Manual, p.195]
Works written by the same author in the same year should be distinguished from each other by adding the letters a, b, c and so on. The order of the letters is established on the basis of alphabetical order of the titles:
Benner (1990a); Benner (1990b)
Anonymous works [Style Manual, p.197]
Anonymous works should be cited as follows:
Pine chemicals: among the oldest of industries (2000) reveals that...
OR
It has been revealed (Pine chemicals: among the oldest of industries 2000)...
Unpublished works [Style Manual, p.152]
When using an unpublished work, acknowledge it as follows:
Latest research (Johnson, unpub.) shows...
OR
Johnson's research (unpub.) has shown...
The Internet [Style Manual, p.230]
When you are citing a Web page in your text, give the address of the site. When citing a document from the Web, you must use the author/date format. In both cases, you must include your source in the list of references.
The National Research Center for Statistics and the Environment (4 May 2000) revealed...
